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Solutions:- Part 2 – Preparation of Molar, Normal, and Dilution

November 9, 2024Chemical pathologyLab Tests

Table of Contents

Toggle
  • Solutions
        • How will you define a solution?
      • What is a Molar solution?
      • What is a Normal solution?
        • Example
        • How to make a 1 N sodium chloride solution?
      • How do you make a Percent solution?
    • How will you perform the Dilution?

Solutions

How will you define a solution?

  1. It is a mixture of liquids where the minor component is solute and dissolved in the major component, a solvent.
  2. This solute and solvent are uniformly distributed.
  • These are the formulas for the preparation of various solutions.

What is a Molar solution?

  1. It contains one mole (molecular weight) of solute in a solution (solvent), equaling one liter.
  2. Molar solution = Molecular weight in gram/liter in the solution.
  3. Example:
  4. I molar solution of sodium chloride (NaCl).

Sodium atomic weight = 23

Chloride atomic weight  = 35.5

Total molecular weight = 58.5 gram/mol

Now dissolve 58.5 grams of NaCl in distilled water and make the solution to one liter.

Solutions: Molar Solutions preparation

Solutions: Molar Solutions preparation

What is a Normal solution?

  • The normal solution is defined as the gram equivalent weight per liter of the solution (solvent).
    • Normal solution  =  gram equivalent weight of solute/liter of the solution (solvent) = Eq.wt/L.
  • These solutions are expressed as N.
    • Gram equivalent weight = Gram molecular weight/valency.
  • Example of Gram equivalent weight, e.g. NaCl
    • NaCl gram molecular weight = 58.5 g
    • Valency =1
    • 58.5/1 = 58.5 gram equivalent weight.

Example

How to make a 1 N sodium chloride solution?

  • The molecular weight of NaCl is 58.5.
  • Gram equivalent weight of NaCl =  molecular weight/1 (valency).
    • So dissolve 58.5 grams of NaCl in distilled water and make up one liter.
    • Dissolve 58.5 grams of NaCl in distilled water to make one liter.

How do you make a Percent solution?

  1. This is per hundred part of the total solution.
  2. There are three possibilities for a percent solution.
  3. Weight/weight:
    1. It is a percentage of solute in 100 grams of final solution equal to solute + solvent.
    2. For the 5% solution, take 5 grams of NaCl dissolved in 95 grams of water, around 95 mL.
  4. Weight/volume:
    1. 5 grams of NaCl dissolved in water, and the volume made 100 ml is called a 5% solution of NaCl.
  5. Volume/volume:
    1. It is composed of two solutions. e.g., if we take 5 mL of acid and dilute it to 100 mL of water, it will be a 5% solution of that acid.

How will you perform the Dilution?

  1. It is common to prepare the serum dilution with a high concentration of chemicals like urea in the blood if it is above 300 mg/dL.
  2. If we make a dilution of serum like this:
    1. Serum = 1 ml
    2. Diluting fluid 4 mL
    3. This will be a dilution of 1:5 (1+4 =5).
Procedure for dilution

Procedure for dilution

  1. This dilution can be made from the stronger solution by this formula:
Solution diluting formula

Solution diluting formula

  1. How will you make a dilution of sodium hydroxide 1?
    1. Make 250 mL of sodium hydroxide solution of 0.25 mol/L from a solution of 0.4 mol/L solutions.
      1. C = o.25 mol/L
      2. V = 250 mL
      3. S = 0.4 mol/L
      4. Calculation = 0.25 x 250 / 0.4 = 156.25 mL
  2. How will you dilute HCL 2?
    1. Make 500 ml of HCL acid, 0.01 mol/L from a 1 mol/L acid.
      1. C = 0.01
      2. V = 500
      3. S = 1
      4. Calculation = 0.01 x 500 / 1 = 5 mL of HCL acid.
  3. How will you dilute the body fluids?
    1. Make 5 ml of 1 in 10 dilutions of the serum.
      1. C = 1:10
      2. Volume = 5 mL
      3. S = 1
      4. Calculations = 1/10 x 5 / 1 = 0.5 mL of the serum and 4.5 mL of the saline = 0.5 : 4.5 = 1:10 dilution
Question 1: What is the difference between the molar and normal solution?
Show answer
Molar solution is gram molecular weight/L and the normal solution is gram equivalent weight/L.
Question 2: What is a formula for the dilution of various fluids?
Show answer
Volume mL of the strong fluid = C x V / S
Question 3: What are types of % solution?
Show answer
There are possibilities of = 1. weight/weight 2. weight/volume 3. Volume /volume

Possible References Used
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