Neuroblastoma

What sample is needed for Neuroblastoma diagnosis?

1. A 24-hour urine sample is recommended for the estimation of VMA (Vanillyl mandelic acid) because of the variety of secretions throughout the day.
2. Collect urine in the sterile container containing acid HCl (10 ml) as a stabilizer.
3. Measure the volume and keep 50 ml at 4 °C until the test is run or freeze for a longer period.
4. Urine is collected for 24 hours for HVA (homovanillic acid), like VMA.

How will you define Neuroblastoma?

1. This is a common tumor in infancy and is extracranial.
2. This is an embryonal malignancy of the sympathetic nervous system arising from the neuroblast.
3. Neuroblastoma most commonly arises in and around the adrenal glands.
   1. A malignant tumor arises in the adrenal medulla or sympathetic chain.
   2. 70% have metastasis at the time of diagnosis.
   3. This is the second most common tumor under the age of 3 years.
4. Neuroblastoma can also originate in the abdomen, chest, neck, and near the spine.
   1. When it is of neural crest origin, this tumor may arise anywhere in the sympathetic nervous system from the head to the pelvis.
   2. 75% arise within the abdomen.
      1. Nearly 50% in the adrenal gland.
      2. Other 50% paravertebral autonomic ganglia.
      3. Origin in the brain is rare.

What is the pathophysiology of Neuroblastoma?

1. Neuroblastoma >90% associated with increased production of:
   1. Catecholamines.
   2. Catecholamines metabolites.

2. There is increased excretion in the urine of:
   1. Norepinephrine.
   2. VMA (Vinyl mandelic acid)
   3. HVA (Homovanilic acid).
   4. Dopamines.
3. Dopamine excretion in the urine is increased in Neuroblastoma.

4.  The precursor is L-Tyrosine, which ultimately gives rise to Dopamine, Norepinephrine, and Epinephrine.

What are the signs and Symptoms of neuroblastoma?

1. It will affect children 5 years or younger.
   1. 80% to 90% of the cases are seen under the age of 5 years.
   2. This accounts for 15% of all childhood cancer deaths.
2. It is rare for older children.
3. The most common site is the adrenal medulla for Neuroblastoma, but it can arise anywhere along with the sympathetic system.

4. There may be abdominal pain.
   1. There may be a mass under the skin, but it is not tender.
   2. There may be changes in bowel habits, like diarrhea and constipation.
5. While the neuroblastoma of the chest may give rise to wheezing and chest pain.
6. The eyeball may be protruded from the sockets (proptosis).
7. There may be dark circles and bruises around the eye.
8. Other signs and symptoms may be seen as:
   1. Back pain.
   2. Bone pains.
   3. Fever.
   4. There is unexplained weight loss.
9. There is:
   1. Hypertension.
   2. Sweating.
   3. A headache.
   4. Tachycardia.
10. These patients may have:
    1. Metastasis to lymph nodes, bone marrow, bone, skin, and liver.
    2. There may be hepatomegaly and ascites.
    3. The patient may have signs and symptoms due to the secretion of certain chemicals that give rise to paraneoplastic syndrome.
    4. There may be spinal cord compression, leading to pain and paralysis.
11. 90% of the cases are associated with excessive production of catecholamines and catecholamine metabolites.
12. So, the estimation of catecholamines helps:
    1. In the diagnosis.
    2. In the screening of this tumor.
    3. It helps to follow the treatment effect.
    4. Increased excretion of dopamine is characteristic of Neuroblastoma.
13. There is a unique feature in the natural history of this tumor, which is a spontaneous regression or sometimes therapy-induced maturation.

What are the normal Adrenal gland’s hormones?

What are the VMA normal values?

1. A 24-hour urine sample is collected in a container containing HCl.
2. 10 mL of HCl, 6 mol/L for 24 hours of the urine sample is required.

What is the normal Homovanillic acid (HVA)?

1. It is also elevated in almost all cases.
2. HVA is the main urinary metabolite of Dopa and Dopamine.
3. This can be used for the diagnosis and the treatment follow-up of Neuroblastoma.
4. 24 hours after the urine sample is collected.
   1. Add 10 mL of HCl (6 mol/L) for 24 hours sample.
   2. Normal values in the urine  are:

How will you diagnose neuroblastoma?

1. Urine Vanillylmandelic acid (VMA) is elevated in almost all cases. VMA is the end product of norepinephrine and epinephrine.
2. VMA is the major catecholamine metabolite, and it represents 60% of the total metabolites of Norepinephrine and Epinephrine.
3. The more poorly-differentiated tumor produces more HVA than VMA.
4. Other tumor markers which are nonspecific but used to follow tumor activity are:
   1. Neuron-specific enolase (NSE).
   2. Lactate dehydrogenase.
   3. Ferritin.
5. Ultrasound, CT scan, and MRI may help in diagnosing the tumor.
6. A biopsy of the tissue is needed to confirm the diagnosis.
7. Bone marrow aspiration may be advised to rule out infiltration by the tumor.

What is the differential diagnosis of neuroblastoma and pheochromocytoma (Benign)?

How will you treat Neuroblastoma?

1.  The first choice is surgery. One can remove the whole tumor. Still, surgery may be needed for surgical pathology to know the grade of the tumor.
2. In some cases, chemotherapy may be given prior to the surgery to shrink the tumor.
3. The third choice is radiotherapy.

What is the prognosis of Neuroblastoma?

• This depends upon the tumor stage and the patient’s age.
• Younger children under the age of one year have a better prognosis than older children.

Questions and answers: