Immunoglobulin Electrophoresis

What sample is needed for Immunoglobulin Electrophoresis?

1. Venous blood is needed to prepare the serum.
2. A random sample can be taken.

What are the Indications for  Immunoglobulin Electrophoresis?

1. It is advised to diagnose many diseases, such as Multiple Myeloma, etc.
2. Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia.
3. Immunoglobulin electrophoresis is advised if there is a spike in the gamma band in serum electrophoresis.
4. Hypersensitivity reactions.
5. Immune deficiency.
6. Autoimmune diseases.
7. Chronic infections.
8. Intrauterine fetal infection.
9. Hypogammaglobulinemia.
10. Agammaglobulinemia.
11. Analbuminemia.
12. Bisalbuminemia.
13. Afibrogenemia.
14. Atransfferenemia.
15. Cirrhosis.
16. Acute-phase proteins.

How will you define immunoglobulin electrophoresis?

1. It is the immunochemical method that separates the various proteins and immunoglobulins.
2. This technique can be used in the serum or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
3. It is used to evaluate gammopathies.
4. It is said that no pattern is pathognomonic of any single disease.

What are the components of serum proteins?

1. Albumin
2. Globulins.
3. Globulins are of two types:
   1. One is formed in the liver.
   2. The second is produced by the immune cells.
4. One of the globulins is called gamma globulin.
5. The antibodies are made of gamma globulin, called immunoglobulin (Ig).
6. There are five main types of immunoglobulins (Ig) labeled:
   1. IgG, which accounts for 75% of total Ig.
      1. The γ-region is predominantly composed of IgG.
   2. IgM is 10%  to 12%
   3. IgA accounts for 15% of total Ig.
   4. IgE
   5. IgD
7. IgA, IgM, IgD, and IgE share the junction of β and γ-globulin.

Can you give some examples of immunoglobulin electrophoresis patterns in various diseases?

What is the pattern in Multiple Myeloma?

1. In myeloma, Waldenstrom’s Macroglobulinemia showed a prominent γ- fraction, monoclonal gammopathy band.
2. A monoclonal gammopathy band has also been seen in idiopathic or secondary gammopathy.

What are the conditions where there is an increased IgG level?

1. Multiple myeloma (Monoclonal IgG gammopathy).
2. Hyperimmunization reaction.
3. Chronic granulomatous infection.
4. Chronic liver diseases.
5. Autoimmune diseases like rheumatoid arthritis, Sjogren’s syndrome, and SLE.

What are the conditions of decreased IgG level?

1. Agammaglobulinemia.
2. Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome.
3. AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome).
4. Nephrotic syndrome.
5. Protein-losing enteropathy.

When will you see an Increased IgM level?

1. Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia.
2. Chronic infections.
3. Autoimmune diseases like rheumatoid arthritis and SLE.
4. Acute infection is a primary immune response.
5. Chronic liver diseases like biliary cirrhosis.

When will you see a decrease in IgM levels?

1. Agammaglobulinemia.
2. Hypoproteinemia is seen in nephrotic syndrome and protein-losing enteropathy.
3. AIDS.
4. Immunosuppression is due to drugs like steroids and dextran.

When will you see an increase in IgA?

1. Primary biliary cirrhosis.
2. Inflammatory bowel disease.
3. Chronic infectious.

When will you see a decrease in IgA?

1. Hypoproteinemia due to nephrotic syndrome and protein-losing enteropathy.
2. Ataxia.
3. Immunosuppression is due to drugs like steroids.
4. Congenital isolated deficiency of IgA.
5. Telangiectasia.

When will you see an increase in IgE levels?

1. Allergic reactions like hay fever, asthma, eczema, and parasites.
2. In an anaphylactic reaction.

When will you see a decrease in IgE levels?

1. Agammaglobulinemia.

When will you see an Increased monoclonal gammopathy?

1. Multiple myelomas.
2. Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia.

When will you see an Increased polyclonal gammopathy?

1. Amyloidosis.
2. Chronic liver disease.
3. Chronic infections.
4. Autoimmune diseases.

When will you see an increased monoclonal gammopathy in urine?

1. Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia.
2. Multiple myelomas.

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