Immunoglobulin Electrophoresis

What sample is needed for Immunoglobulin Electrophoresis?

1. Venous blood is needed to prepare the serum.
2. A random sample can be taken.

What are the Indications for  Immunoglobulin Electrophoresis?

1. It is advised to diagnose many diseases like Multiple Myeloma etc.
2. Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia.
3. Immunoglobulin electrophoresis is advised if there is a spike in the gamma band in serum electrophoresis.
4. Hypersensitivity reactions.
5. Immune deficiency.
6. Autoimmune diseases.
7. Chronic infections.
8. Intrauterine fetal infection.
9. Hypogammaglobulinemia.
10. Agammaglobulinemia.
11. Analbumionemia.
12. Bisalbuminemia.
13. Afibrogenemia.
14. Atransfferenemia.
15. Cirrhosis.
16. Acute-phase proteins.

How will you define immunoglobulin electrophoresis?

1. It is the immunochemical method that separates the various proteins and immunoglobulins.
2. This technique can be used in the serum or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
3. It is used to evaluate gammopathies.
4. It is said that no pattern is pathognomonic of any single disease.

What are the components of serum proteins?

1. Albumin
2. Globulins.
3. Globulins are of two types:
   1. One formed in the liver.
   2. The second is produced by the immune cells.
4. One of the globulin is called gamma globulin.
5. The antibodies are made of gamma globulin called immunoglobulin (Ig).
6. There are five main types of immunoglobulins (Ig) labeled:
   1. IgG, which is 75% of the total Ig.
      1. γ-region is predominantly composed of IgG.
   2. IgM is 10%  to 12%
   3. IgA consists of 15% of the total Ig.
   4. IgE
   5. IgD
7. IgA, IgM, IgD, and IgE share the junction of β and γ-globulin.

Give some examples of immunoglobulin electrophoresis patterns in various diseases?

What is the pattern in the Multiple Myeloma?

1. In myeloma, Waldenstrom’s Macroglobulinemia showed a prominent γ- fraction, monoclonal gammopathy band.
2. A monoclonal gammopathy band has also been seen in idiopathic or secondary gammopathy.

What are the conditions where there is an increased IgG level?

1. Multiple myelomas (Monoclonal IgG gammopathy).
2. Hyperimmunization reaction.
3. Chronic granulomatous infection.
4. Chronic liver diseases.
5. Autoimmune diseases like rheumatoid arthritis, Sjogren’s syndrome, and SLE.

What are the conditions of decreased IgG level?

1. Agammaglobulinemia.
2. Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome.
3. AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome).
4. Nephrotic syndrome.
5. Protein-losing enteropathy.

When will you see an Increased IgM level?

1. Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia.
2. Chronic infections.
3. Autoimmune diseases like rheumatoid arthritis and SLE.
4. Acute infection is a primary immune response.
5. Chronic liver diseases like biliary cirrhosis.

When will you see a decreased IgM level?

1. Agammaglobulinemia.
2. Hypoproteinemia is seen in nephrotic syndrome and protein-losing enteropathy.
3. AIDS
4. Immunosuppression is due to drugs like steroids and dextran.

When will you see an increased level of IgA?

1. Primary biliary cirrhosis.
2. Inflammatory bowel disease.
3. Chronic infectious.

When will you see a decreased level of IgA?

1. Hypoproteinemia due to nephrotic syndrome and protein-losing enteropathy.
2. Ataxia.
3. Immunosuppression is due to drugs like steroids.
4. Congenital isolated deficiency of IgA.
5. Telangiectasia.

When will you see an increased IgE level?

1. Allergic reactions like hay fever, asthma, eczema, and parasites.
2. In an anaphylactic reaction.

When will you see a decreased IgE level?

1. Agammaglobulinemia.

When will you see an Increased monoclonal gammopathy?

1. Multiple myelomas.
2. Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia.

When will you see an Increased polyclonal gammopathy?

1. Amyloidosis.
2. Chronic liver disease.
3. Chronic infections.
4. Autoimmune diseases.

When will you see an increased monoclonal gammopathy in urine?

1. Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia.
2. Multiple myelomas.

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