Human Papillomavirus (HPV), Diagnosis and Treatment
Human Papillomavirus (HPV)
Sample for Human Papillomavirus (HPV)
- The sample can be taken with an Endocervical swab.
- Take a biopsy sample from the affected tissue.
Indications for Human Papillomavirus (HPV)
- Isolation of the Human papillomavirus.
Definition of Human Papillomavirus (HPV)
- This virus is double-stranded DNA without an envelope.
- Papova means papillomavirus, polyomavirus, causing perinuclear vacuolization.
- >50 strains of Human papillomavirus are described.
- The most common clinical manifestation is warts (skin), and condyloma (in the genital area).
- This double-stranded DNA virus infects the squamous epithelium and gives a spectrum of diseases of the skin, respiratory system, and genital tract, from warts to dysplasia to carcinoma.
Pathophysiology of Human Papillomavirus (HPV)
- Human papillomavirus (HPV) belongs to the Papovaviridae family.
- This is also called the wart virus.
- It measures 44 to 55 nm.
- This is a double-stranded DNA virus.
- This is icosahedral, and no envelope.
- This virus can cause the infection of:
- Hands, feet, arms, and forehead.
- Larynx.
- Genitalia.
- In the case of cervical lesions, HPV types 6 and 11 are associated with low-grade malignancy.
- HPV types 31, 33, and 35 are seen in low-grade malignancies.
- HPV types 16 and 18 are found in high-grade malignancies.
- Various types of warts/lesions are:
- Verruca plantaris are caused by HPV-1.
- Verruca Vulgaris is caused by HPV-2.
- Condyloma acuminatum is caused by HPV-6, 11.
- laryngeal papilloma is caused by HPV-6, 11.
- Cervical and laryngeal dysplasia/carcinoma is caused by HPV-16, 18, 31, 33.
- Papillomaviruses are tropical for the epithelial cells of the skin and mucous membranes.
- Viral nucleic acid can be found in basal stem cells.
- This virus causes cervical cancers and squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck.
- Biological and molecular studies show that the disease progress slowly.
- HPV-16 and 18 are considered to be high-risk viruses for cancers.
- HPV-31 is classified as an intermediate-risk virus.
- HPV-6, 11 are considered low-risk viruses for cancers.
Human papillomavirus (HPV) classification and its relation to various diseases:
Type of papilomavirus | Disease |
HPV-1, 2 | Common warts |
HPV-1 | Plantar warts |
HPV-3 | Flate wart |
HPV-3, 7 | Butcher wart |
HPV-6, 11, 30, and a few others | Respiratory system |
HPV-28, 29 | Verruciformis |
HPV-6, 11, 42, 43, 44 | Genital area with low risk |
HPV-16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59, 68 | Genital area with high risk |
HPV-3, 5, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14, 15, 17, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25 | Epidermodysplasia |
The incubation period of Human Papillomavirus (HPV):
- Warts take 1 to 8 months once the virus settles in the area.
- Genital warts develop for 1 to 3 months.
- The wart is more common in children and young adults. These are uncommon in older adults.
Structure of the Human Papillomavirus (HPV):
- Papillomaviruses are non-enveloped viruses without a lipid layer, with a capsid consisting of protein.
- It contains a large genome of 8 kb. This genome is very complex.
- There is double-stranded DNA in a circular shape.
- The papillomavirus is slightly larger in size, measuring roughly 52 to 55 nm.
Mode of the spread of Human Papillomavirus (HPV):
- Human Papillomavirus (HPV) spreads :
- In genitalia through sexual contact (unprotected anal, vaginal, or oral sex).
- Transmission of cutaneous HPV is by direct contact, skin to skin (handshakes or hugs).
- This may spread during pregnancy (mother to baby, labor, and nursing).
- Some people have no symptoms but can spread the disease through sexual contact.
Signs and symptoms of Human Papillomavirus (HPV):
- It is dependents on the area involved:
- Warts are tender when these are irritated.
- Warts are seen on hands, feet, arms, forehead, larynx, and genitalia.
- Anal warts cause itching called venereal wart Condylomata.
- Different kinds of warts are:
- Skin wart. Non-plantar warts are usually associated with HPV-2.
- Plantar warts. HPV-1 is associated with warts on the sole of the foot.
- Flat warts.
- Genital condyloma.
- Laryngeal papilloma.
- Palmer warts are sensitive to pressure.
- HPV-associated sexually transmitted genital lesions are becoming more common.
- Cervical cancers in women are common worldwide and a major cause of death in developing countries.
- HPV-6 and 11 are associated with low-grade cervical dysplasia (CIN I and II).
- HPV- 16 and 18 are seen in 80% to 95% of high-grade cervical dysplasia (CIN III) and some cases of carcinoma of the penis.
- HPV-16 is also associated with squamous cell carcinoma in situ of the anogenital area skin (Bowen’s disease) and invasive carcinoma of the anal area.
- The majority of cervical, penile, and valvular cancers carry HPV-DNA.
- These lesions show HPV-16 and HPV-18, and these types are more common.
Classification of the Human papillomavirus and its relation to diseases:
Type of Human papillomavirus | Clinical presentations | The outcome of the infection |
HPV-1 |
|
|
HPV-2 |
|
|
HPV-3, 10, 28 |
|
|
HPV-5, 8 |
|
|
HPV-6, 11 |
|
|
HPV-7 |
|
|
HPV-12, 17, 20 |
|
|
HPV-9, 14, 15, 19-25, 36, 40 |
|
|
HPV-13, 32 |
|
|
HPV-16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39 |
|
|
HPV-26, 27, 29 |
|
|
HPV- 30, 40 |
|
|
HPV-37 |
|
|
HPV-41, 42 |
|
|
Epidemiology of Human Papillomavirus (HPV):
- This may become chronic and may last many years or lifelong.
- In the USA, this disease is very common; roughly 3 million cases are reported.
- Another reference says 80 million cases in the USA, according to CDC.
- 14 million people, including teenagers, will suffer from this infection each year.
Summary of the Human Papillomavirus (HPV) features:
Parameters | Characteristic features |
Virus structure |
|
size of the virus | Average 55 nm |
Structure |
|
Oncogenic potential |
|
Outcome of infection | It forms a benign tumor (Wart) |
Target area |
|
Genome transformed cells |
|
Type of papillomavirusus |
|
Pathological lesions |
|
Where it is found |
|
Diagnosis of Human Papillomavirus (HPV):
- Diagnosis is made with immunohistologic stains or nucleic acid DNA probes on cervical biopsy.
- A cervical biopsy gives more positive results than a cervical scraping smear.
- It can find the virus in Papanicolaou stain cells of the cervical smear.
- Or can advise liquid-based cytology.
- PCR for detection of HPV.
- HPV DNA hybridization technology.
Treatment of Human Papillomavirus (HPV):
- Warts need surgical excision.
- Also, can try electro-dissection.
- Can use acid.
- It can freeze with liquid nitrogen.
- Sometime it may disappear without any treatment.
The complication of human papillomavirus:
- The most common complication is cervical cancer in females. It is found in 90% of cases.
- This is also found in cancers of the vulva, penis, anal canal, and head and neck.
Prevention of Human Papillomavirus (HPV):
- Avoid contact with HPV-positive patients.
- Condoms use can prevent infection.
- The vaccine can be recommended to prevent HPV (for genital warts and cervical cancers).
- HPV vaccine Cervarix prevents types 16 and 18.
- These types are 70% cause of cervical cancers.
- All boys and girls need to be vaccinated at the age of 11 or 12 years.
Questions and answers:
Question 1: What is the nature of Human papillomavirus.?
Question 2: What is the main complication of human papillomavirus?
The viral structure used is HIV not HPV.
Please see now the structure.
https://labpedia.net/human-papillomavirus-hpv/
Thanks for pointing the mistake, and it is corrected.