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Urine Normal Values, and Their Significance

Urine Normal Values, and Their Significance
April 13, 2021Lab TestsUrine Analysis

Urine normal values are:

Urine substances to be checked Normal values Collection timings Significance
Physical characteristics  
pH
  1. 4.7 to 7.7
  2. Average = acidic 6.0
 A random and fresh sample
  1. Urine pH never reaches 9
  2. In the case of pH9, test the fresh sample
Color Variable, pale-yellow to dark amber A random sample Red color urine, check for hemoglobin
Odor Faint aromatic A random sample Urine from a diabetic patient has a fruity (acetone) odor.
Volume
  1. Normal range = 1200 to 2000 mL
  2. Average = 1400 mL
  3. Extreme range = 600 to 3600 mL
  1. A random sample
  2. 24 hours urine sample
  1. Polyuria increased urine output
  2. Polyuria with normal BUN and creatinine.
  3. Oliguria <200 mL in adult
Specific gravity
  1. 1.008 to 1.030
  2. Average = 1.018
  3. 1.012 to 1.025
  4. Concentrated urine = 1.025 to 1.030+
  5. Dilute urine =1.001 to 1.010
  6. Infant <2 years = 1.001 to 1.018
  1. A Random sample
  2. 24 hours urine sample
 Specific gravity is the measurement of the kidneys’ ability to concentrate urine.
Blood Negative A random sample
Chemical characteristics  
Glucose
  1. Quantitative = nil
  2. 1 to 15 mg (60 to 830 µmol/L)
  3. <0.5 g/day (<2.8 mmol/day)
  1. A random sample
  2. 24 hours urine sample
  3. 24 hours urine sample
  1. Urine glucose >1000mg/dL (>55 mmol/L)
  2. Test blood glucose
  3. Inform the physician
Ketones Negative A random sample Ketonuria indicates crises
Albumin
  1. Adult male = 10 to 140 mg/L (1 to 14 mg/dL)
  2. Adult female = 30 to 100 mg/L (3 to 10 mg/dL)
  3. Child <10 years = 10 to 100 mg/L (1 to 10 mg/dL)
  1. 24 hours urine sample
  2. 24 hours urine sample
  3. 24 hours urine sample
  1. Adult = Proteinuria >2000 mg/24 hours.
  2. Child = ≥40 mg/24 hours
  3. indicate glomerular disease
Microalbumin
  1. <30 mg/day
  2. <20 mg/L
  1. 24 hours urine sample
  2. 10 hours of urine collection
 Indicate diabetic nephropathy
Protein
  1. Qualitative =nil
  2. Quantitative = 0 to 0.1 g/24 hours
 24 hours urine sample Indicate renal disease
Bicarbonate Nil
Chloride (as NaCl)
  1. 5 to 20 g (85 to 340 meq)
  2. Average = 10 g (170 meq)
  3. Adult = 140 to 250 meq/24 hours (140 to 250 mmol/day)
  4. Child <6 years = 15 to 40 meq/24 hours (15 to 40 mmol/day)
  5. Child 10 to 14 years = 64 to 176 meq/24 hours (64 to176 mmol/day)
  6. Values varies with salt intake and perspiration.
 24 hours urine sample
Creatinine
  1. Male = 14 to 26 mg/kg/body weight/day  (124 to230 µmol/kg/day)
  2. Female = 11 to 20 mg/kg/body weight/day  (97 to 177µmol/kg/day)
 24 hours urine sample
Creatine
  1. Male = 0 to 50 mg
  2. Female = 0 to 150 mg
  3. Children = 5.4 to 13.7 mg/kg/body weight
 24 hours urine sample
Cystine
  1. Random sample = negative
  2. Adult = <38 mg/day
  3. Child = 5to 31 mg/day
  1. A random urine sample
  2. 24 hours urine sample
  3. 24 hours urine sample
Lysozyme 0 to 3 mg/day 24 hours urine sample
Urea 10 to 35 g (average 15 g) 24 hours urine sample
Creatinine Men urine creatinine =
Uric acid
  1. 0.3 to 0.7 g
  2. With normal diet = 250 to 750 mg/day (1.48 to 4.43 mmol/day)
  3. With purine free diet = <400 mg/day (<2.48 mmol/day)
  4. With high purine diet = <1000 mg/day (<5.9 mmol/day)
 24 hours urine sample
Calcium
  1. 50 to 400 mg (2.5 to 20 meq)
  2. Normal diet = 100 to 300 mg/day (2.5 to 7.5 mmol/day)
  3. Low-calcium diet = 50 to 150 mg/day (1.25 to 3.75 mmol/day)
 24 hours urine sample
Magnesium
  1. 75 to 150 mg/day (3.0 to 6.0 meq/day
  2. or 3.0 to 6.0 mmol/day
Sodium
  1. 80 to 290 meq
  2. Adult = 40 to 220 meq/24 hours (40 to 220 mmol/day)
  3. Child = 41 to 115 meq/24 hours 41 to 115 mmol/day)
  4. Values depend upon diet
  1. 24 hours urine sample
Potassium
  1. 25 to 100 meq
  2. Adult = 25 to 125 meq/24 hours (25 to 125 mmol/day)
  3. Child = 10 to 60 meq/24 hours (10 to 60 mmol/day)
  4. Values depend upon diet
  1. 24 hours urine sample
Phosphate 0.5 to 2.2 g (average 1.0 g) 24 hours urine sample
Oxalate
  1. Men = <55 mg/day (<6.11 µmol/day)
  2. Women = <50 mg/day (<555 µmol/day)
 24 hours urine sample
Sulfates
  1. Inorganic = 0.25 to 1.25 g
  2. Total = 0.36 to 1.44 g
 24 hours urine sample
Bilirubin
  1. Negative
  2. May find 0 to 0.02 mg;dL (0 to 0.34 µmol/L)
 A random sample (Check within one hour)
  1. Urine bilirubin is negative in hemolytic disease.
  2. It appears in the urine before other S/S of liver diease
Urobilinogen
  1. Random sample = <1 mg/dL
  2. 2 hours sample = <1 mg/2 hours
  3. 24 hours sample = 0.5 to 4.0 mg/day
  1. A random sample
  2. Collect 2 hours of a urine sample
  3. Collect 24 hours urine sample
  1. It rapidly decomposed at room temperature
  2. Also, when exposed to light
Ammonia 10 to 105 meq 24 hours urine sample
Hemoglobin Negative A random sample
Myoglobin Negative A random sample
Nitrite Negative A random sample (Fasting sample is better) A negative test does not rule out bacteria in the urine
Leukocyte esterase Negative A random sample The positive test need a urine culture
HCG
  1. Pregnant = positive
  2. Nonpregnant = Negative
 A random urine sample
5-hydroxy indoleacetic acid (5-HIAA)
  1. Qualitative= negative
  2. Quantitative = 2 to 7 mg/day (11 to 37 µmol/day)
  1. A random sample
  2. 24 hours urine sample
Vanilylmandelic acid (VMA)
  1. Adult =upto 9 mg/day (up to 45 µmol/day)
  2. Children values are different
 24 hours urine sample
Catecholamines
  1. Catecholamine total = <1000 µg/day (<591 nmol/day)
  2. Epinephrine = 0 to 20 µg/day (0 to 109 nmol/day)
  3. Metanephrine = 74 to 297 µg/day (375 to 1506 nmol/day)
  4. Norepinephrine = 15 to 80 µg/day (89 to 473 nmol/day)
  5. Normetanephrine = 105 to 354 µg/day (573 to 1933 nmol/day)
  6. Dopamine = 65 to 400 µg/day (420 to 2612 nmol/day)
  7. Children values are different
 24 hours urine sample
Porphyrins Qualitative = Negative A random urine sample
Porphobilinogen
  1. Random sample = 0 to 20 mg/L (negative or 0 to 8.8 µmol/L)
  2. 0 to 1.5 mg/day (0 to 6.6 mg/day)

 
  1. A random urine sample
  2. 24 hours urine sample
Amylase
  1. 2 hours sample = 2 to 34 U (or 16 to 283 nkat/hours)
  2. 24 to 408 U ( or 400 to 6800 nkat/day)
  1. 2 hours urine sample
  2. 24 hours urine sample
Phenylketonuria
  1. Random  = Negative dipstick
  2. Phenylalanine = Positive in the range of 5 to 10 mg/dL (302 to 605 µmol/day)
  3. 7 to 10 weeks after birth = 1.2 to 1.7 mg/day
  4. Adult = <16.5 mg/day (<100 µmol/day)
  5. Children (3 to 12 years) = 4.0 to 17.5 mg/day (24 to 106 µmol/day)
  1. A random urine sample
  2. 24 hours urine sample
  3. 24 hours urine sample
  4. 24 hours urine sample
  5. 24 hours urine sample
Microscopic characteristics  
RBCs
  1. 0 to 3 RBCs/HPF
  2. 0/Low power field
 A random sample The persistent presence of RBCs in the urine needs thorough investigations
RBC cast 0/HPF A random sample Indicates hemorrhage in the nephron
WBCs
  1. 0 to 4/HPF
  2. Female = slightly more
 A random sample Urine culture should be done when increased WBCs are found
WBC cast Negative A random urine sample Seen in renal inflammatory diseases
Epithelial cells
  1. Renal tubular cells= 0 to 3/HPF
  2. Squamous cells = Commonly seen
 A random sample
Hyaline cast Occasional 0 to 2/HPF A random sample Usually seen when there is damage to the glomerular capillary membrane
Granular cast Occasional 0 to 2/HPF A random sample These indicate renal disease
Waxy cast Negative A random sample In renal failure (severe renal disease)
Fatty cast Negative A random urine sample Seen in diabetic nephropathy
Trichomonas vaginalis Absent A random urine sample UTI due to Trichomonas vaginalis
Yeast cell Absent A random urine sample Genitourinary infection

 

Summary of the urine analysis

Summary of the urine analysis

Possible References Used
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