Tumor Markers for various organs

• There are specific markers for diagnosing tumors from the various organs in the human body.

Markers For thyroid tumors:

1. Medullary thyroid carcinoma:
   1. Calcitonin.
   2. CEA may be elevated in some cases.
2. Papillary and follicular carcinoma:
   1. Thyroglobulin.
   2. Anti-thyroglobulin antibody.

Markers For breast tumors:

1. CA 15-3.
2. CA 27.29
3. CA 549.
4. ER/PR receptors.
5. HER2/neu.
6. CK-BB.
7. BRCA-1 and BRCA-2 mutation.
8. CEA may be elevated in metastatic cancer.

Markers For Testicular tumors:

1. HCG (β-HCG).
2. AFP.
3. Calcitonin.
4. LDH.
5. Placental alkaline phosphatase

Markers For Prostatic tumors:

1. PSA.
2. CA 549.
3. PAP.

Markers For Bone tumors:

1. Alkaline phosphatase.
2. LDH.

Markers For Lung tumors:

1. CA 15-3.
2. CA 549.
3. CK-BB.
4. Neuron- specific enolase (NSE).
5. CEA.

Markers For Liver tumors:

1. AFP.
2. Alkaline phosphatase.
3. CA 19-9.
4. LDH.

Markers For Gastrointestinal tumors:

1. CEA.
2. CA 50.
3. CA 19-5.
4. CA 19-9
5. CA 72-4.

Markers For Colorectal tumors:

1. CEA.
2. CA 15-3
3. CA 19-9.
4. CA 50.

Markers For Ovarian tumors:

1. CA 125.
2. CA 15-3
3. CA 549.
4. CK-BB.
5. CA 72-4.

Markers For Pancreatic tumors:

1. CEA.
2. CA 50.
3. CA 19-9.
4. CA 15-3.

Monoclonal tumor markers

1. How will you define monoclonal antibodies:
   1. These antibodies are molecules produced in laboratories and bind specifically to a single site like a protein or antigen site.
   2. These are produced by a single clone of the immune cells and are identical in structure.
2. What is the mechanism of monoclonal antibody:
   1. Each monoclonal antibody reacts with a specific epitope on an antigen.
   2. These can be used for diagnosis, therapeutic use, and research.
3. The first tumor marker was the Bence-Jones protein for multiple myeloma.
4. α – fetoprotein was discovered in 1963.
5. CEA was discovered in 1965.
6. These are defined as antigens on the tumors, which monoclonal antibodies can identify.
7. These markers are more specific and sensitive.

Monoclonal antibodies	Specific for the tumors
Free PSA	Prostatic carcinoma
CA- 15-3	Breast cancer
CA- 19-9	Pancreatic cancer
CA- 125	Ovarian cancers
CA- 72-4	Gastric cancers
CA-50	Colorectal cancer

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