Hepatotropic Viruses

There are various viral diseases and possible used tests panel are given below for these diseases.

Hepatotropic Viruses

Hepatitis A Viral (HAV) infection

1. This can be detected in the following samples:
   1. Feces
   2. Liver
   3. All body fluids (serum, other body fluids).
   4. These samples can be stored at 4 °C and tissues may be stored at -20 °C.
2. Diagnostic tests are:
   1. Anti-HAV IgM.
   2. Anti-HAV IgG.

Hepatitis B viral (HBV) infection

1. This virus can be detected in the following samples:
   1. Serum
   2. Whole blood
   3. Liver
   4. Body fluids
   5. Store serum and body fluids at 4 °C and store tissue at -20 °C.
   6. Diagnostic tests are:
      1. HB surface antigen.
      2. HB surface- antibody
      3. HBe antigen.
      4. HBe antibody.
      5. HBc-IgM antibody.
      6. HBc-antibody total (HBc-IgM and IgG).

Hepatitis C viral (HCV) infection

1. The virus can be detected in the following samples:
   1. Whole blood
   2. Serum
   3. liver tissue
   4. Body fluids
   5. Diagnostic tests are:
      1. Anti-HCV antibody.
      2. PCR for HCV antigen.

Serum, blood, and body fluids can be stored at 4 °C and liver tissue at -20 °C.

Hepatitis Delta Virus (HDV) infection

1. Hepatitis D virus can be detected in the following samples:
   1. Whole blood
   2. Serum
   3. Liver tissue
2. Diagnostic tests are:
   1. Anti-D IgM.
   2. Anti-D IgG.

• The whole blood and serum can be stored at 4 °C and liver tissues at -20 °C.

Other Viruses

Herpes Simplex (HCV) infection

1. This can be diagnosed from:
   1. Skin biopsy lesion
   2. Vitreous humor
   3. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
   4. Serum
2. Diagnostic tests are:
   1. Cultural is the gold standard,
   2. HSV antigen 1.
   3. HSV antigen 2.

• Stored body fluids at 4 °C and tissue at -20 °C.

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection

1. This can be diagnosed from:
   1. Whole blood
   2. Serum
   3. Urine
   4. Tissues
2. Diagnostic tests:
   1. Culture is the most sensitive method.
   2. CMV-IgM indicates the most recent infection.
   3. CMV-IgG indicates past infection.

• Store all fluids at 4 °C and tissues at -20 °C.

Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) infection

This can be diagnosed with the following samples:

1. Whole blood
2. Tissue
3. saliva
4. Diagnostic tests are:
   1. Monospot heterophilic agglutination test.
   2. Viral capsid antigen-antibody test for IgM and IgG.
   3. EBV nuclear antigen (EBNA).
      1. EBNA-IgG
      2. EA-D

• Store the fluid at 4 °C and tissue at -20 °C.

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV-1)

1. This can be diagnosed from:
   1. Whole blood
   2. urine
   3. Body fluids
2. Diagnostic tests are:
   1. HIV antibody test by ELIZA.
   2. Western blot test.
   3. p24 antigen capture assay. This will detect before the seroconversion, and also assesses the progression of AIDS.
   4. Oral fluids for the detection of HIV antibodies, kits by the name of Orasure, Orapette, and Omni sal are available.
   5. Urine for the HIV antibody test.

• Store fluids at 4 °C and tissue at -20 °C.

Human papillomavirus (HPV)

1. This can be diagnosed from:
   1. Cervical smears
   2. Biopsy or scrapings
   3. Tissue from anogenital area
2. Diagnostic tests are:
   1. Colposcopy and Vinegar acetic acid will give white color to the affected area.
   2. PAP smear will give abnormalities of the cells and see the virus-infected cells.
   3. Biopsy.
   4. HPV cervical test.
   5. DNA test (PCR, southern blot hybridization).

• Store the tissue at -20 °C.

Rotavirus Infection

1. This can be diagnosed from:
   1. Feces (isolate the nucleic acid)
   2. This can be stored at 4 °C.
2. Diagnostic tests are:
   1. 1. Stool for rotavirus antigen.
      2. ELIZA

Varicella-Zoster Virus

1. This can be diagnosed from:
   1. Whole blood
   2. Skin Lesions
   3. Diagnostic tests are:
      1. Usually, this diagnosed by the clinician by a typical skin lesion which is vesicular dermal lesion.
      2. Culture of the virus.
      3. PCR from the lesion.

• Store fluids at 4 °C and tissues at -20 °C.

 

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