Hepatotropic Viruses and Other Viruses, Their Serological profile
Hepatotropic Viruses
There are various viral diseases and possible used tests panel are given below for these diseases.
Hepatotropic Viruses
Hepatitis A Viral (HAV) infection
- This can be detected in the following samples:
- Feces
- Liver
- All body fluids (serum, other body fluids).
- These samples can be stored at 4 °C and tissues may be stored at -20 °C.
- Diagnostic tests are:
- Anti-HAV IgM.
- Anti-HAV IgG.
Hepatitis B viral (HBV) infection
- This virus can be detected in the following samples:
- Serum
- Whole blood
- Liver
- Body fluids
- Store serum and body fluids at 4 °C and store tissue at -20 °C.
- Diagnostic tests are:
- HB surface antigen.
- HB surface- antibody
- HBe antigen.
- HBe antibody.
- HBc-IgM antibody.
- HBc-antibody total (HBc-IgM and IgG).
Hepatitis C viral (HCV) infection
- The virus can be detected in the following samples:
- Whole blood
- Serum
- liver tissue
- Body fluids
- Diagnostic tests are:
- Anti-HCV antibody.
- PCR for HCV antigen.
Serum, blood, and body fluids can be stored at 4 °C and liver tissue at -20 °C.
Hepatitis Delta Virus (HDV) infection
- Hepatitis D virus can be detected in the following samples:
- Whole blood
- Serum
- Liver tissue
- Diagnostic tests are:
- Anti-D IgM.
- Anti-D IgG.
- The whole blood and serum can be stored at 4 °C and liver tissues at -20 °C.
Other Viruses
Herpes Simplex (HCV) infection
- This can be diagnosed from:
- Skin biopsy lesion
- Vitreous humor
- Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
- Serum
- Diagnostic tests are:
- Cultural is the gold standard,
- HSV antigen 1.
- HSV antigen 2.
- Stored body fluids at 4 °C and tissue at -20 °C.
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection
- This can be diagnosed from:
- Whole blood
- Serum
- Urine
- Tissues
- Diagnostic tests:
- Culture is the most sensitive method.
- CMV-IgM indicates the most recent infection.
- CMV-IgG indicates past infection.
- Store all fluids at 4 °C and tissues at -20 °C.
Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) infection
This can be diagnosed with the following samples:
- Whole blood
- Tissue
- saliva
- Diagnostic tests are:
- Monospot heterophilic agglutination test.
- Viral capsid antigen-antibody test for IgM and IgG.
- EBV nuclear antigen (EBNA).
- EBNA-IgG
- EA-D
- Store the fluid at 4 °C and tissue at -20 °C.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV-1)
- This can be diagnosed from:
- Whole blood
- urine
- Body fluids
- Diagnostic tests are:
- HIV antibody test by ELIZA.
- Western blot test.
- p24 antigen capture assay. This will detect before the seroconversion, and also assesses the progression of AIDS.
- Oral fluids for the detection of HIV antibodies, kits by the name of Orasure, Orapette, and Omni sal are available.
- Urine for the HIV antibody test.
- Store fluids at 4 °C and tissue at -20 °C.
Human papillomavirus (HPV)
- This can be diagnosed from:
- Cervical smears
- Biopsy or scrapings
- Tissue from anogenital area
- Diagnostic tests are:
- Colposcopy and Vinegar acetic acid will give white color to the affected area.
- PAP smear will give abnormalities of the cells and see the virus-infected cells.
- Biopsy.
- HPV cervical test.
- DNA test (PCR, southern blot hybridization).
- Store the tissue at -20 °C.
Rotavirus Infection
- This can be diagnosed from:
- Feces (isolate the nucleic acid)
- This can be stored at 4 °C.
- Diagnostic tests are:
-
- Stool for rotavirus antigen.
- ELIZA
-
Varicella-Zoster Virus
- This can be diagnosed from:
- Whole blood
- Skin Lesions
- Diagnostic tests are:
- Usually, this diagnosed by the clinician by a typical skin lesion which is vesicular dermal lesion.
- Culture of the virus.
- PCR from the lesion.
- Store fluids at 4 °C and tissues at -20 °C.