HbA1c (Glycosylated Hemoglobin)

What sample is needed for HbA1c (Glycosylated Hemoglobin)?

1. The blood sample is taken in EDTA.
2. Washed RBC or hemolysate is prepared and stable for 4 to 7 days at 4 °C.
3. A blood sample can be drawn at any time. No need for fasting or dietary needs.

What are the indications for HbA1c (Glycosylated Hemoglobin)?

1. This test is used to monitor diabetes control.
2. This test shows the patient’s average glucose index over a long time (2 to 3 months).
3. The index of diabetic control gives a direct relationship between poor control and the development of complications.
4. It tracks glucose in the milder form of diabetes.
5. It helps to determine which type of drugs may be needed.
6. Predict the development and progression of diabetic microvascular complications.
7. Its measurement is of value in a specific group of patients, such as:
   1. Diabetic children.
   2. Diabetic patients with an abnormal renal threshold for glucose.
   3. Unstable type 1 diabetes, taking insulin.
   4. Type II diabetic women who become pregnant.
   5. Patients with changing dietary or other habits.
8. It should be repeated every 3 to 4 months (some advise 2 to 3 months).

How will you define HbA1c (Glycosylated Hemoglobin)?

1. Glucose combines with hemoglobin continuously and is nearly irreversible during the life span of RBCs (120 days).
   1. So, HbA1c will be proportional to the mean plasma glucose level during the previous 6 to 12 weeks.
2. In adults, hemoglobin-A (Hb-A) constitutes 97% to 98% of normal hemoglobin. The remaining Hb-A2 is around 2.5%, and the Hb-F is 0.5%.
3. Glucose binds to hemoglobin continuously and irreversibly throughout the lifespan of RBCs (120 days), and this process is called glycosylation.  
4. In this glycosylation process, hemoglobin is exposed to glucose. Initially, this bond is labile, but it later becomes stable. Once this bonding takes place, it becomes poorly irreversible.
5. The HbA1c will be proportional to the mean blood glucose level during the last 6 to 12 weeks.

What are the advantages of HbA1c (Glycosylated Hemoglobin)?

1. The sample can be drawn at any time.
2. This test is not affected by short-term variations like:
   1. Food.
   2. Exercise.
   3. Hypoglycemic agents.
   4. Stress.
   5. Patient attitude or cooperation.
3. It differentiates short-term hyperglycemia in nondiabetic patients, such as:
   1. Recent stress.
   2. Myocardial infarction.
4. Gives information on glucose imbalance in a patient with mild diabetes mellitus.
5. It may rise within one week after blood glucose rises due to stopping the therapy. It will not fall for 2 to 4 weeks after blood glucose decreases when treatment starts again.
6. Evaluating the success of diabetic treatment and patient compliance.

What are the limitations of HbA1c (Glycosylated Hemoglobin)?

1. This cannot be used to identify day-to-day glucose fluctuations to adjust the insulin dose.
2. It cannot detect a day-to-day presence of hypo- or hyperglycemia.

How will you discuss the pathophysiology of HbA1c (Glycosylated Hemoglobin)?

1. In adults, hemoglobin is:
   1. Hemoglobin A is 98%.
   2. HbA2 is around 2.5%.
   3. HbF is 0.5%.
   4. Now, 7% of hemoglobin A consists of hemoglobin A1.
2. Glucose is attached to the terminal valine amino acid of the globulin β-chain. This process is called glycosylation.

3. This hemoglobin A1 combines strongly with glucose through glycosylation, called hemoglobin A1 (HbA1).
   1. The glycosylation process takes place when RBCs are exposed to glucose.
   2. Hemoglobin and glucose form a bond. Initially, it is labile; then, it becomes stable. It is very slow and poorly reversible.

4. Hemoglobin A1 consists of the following:
   1. HbA1a
   2. HbA1b
   3. HbA1c (This will combine more strongly with glucose).
5. HbA1c combines more strongly with glucose.
   1. HbA1c is 70% glycosylated.
   2. While HbA1a and HbA1b are only 20% glycosylated.

6. If we measure total HbA1, the values are 2% to 4% higher than the HbA1c.
7. The amount of glycohemoglobin depends on the glucose concentration in the circulation and the RBC lifespan, which is 120 days.
   1. Therefore, glycohemoglobin estimates glucose over 100 to 120 days.
   2. Glycohemoglobin concentration depends upon the exposure of glucose to the RBCs.
8. HbA1c may not reflect recent changes in glucose levels.
   1. Glycohemoglobin is a normal,  minor type of hemoglobin. This is blood glucose bound to hemoglobin.
   2. In the presence of hyperglycemia, an increase in glycohemoglobin causes an increase in the HbA1c.
   3. When a measurable increase in the glycosylated or stable hemoglobin begins, it will appear in 2 to 3 weeks.
9. Glycosylated hemoglobin reflects the average blood glucose level over 2-3 months before the test.
10. Glycated hemoglobin concentration reflects the mean blood glucose level over the last 4 to 8 weeks.

What is the HbA1c positivity rate?:

What is the Normal HbA1c?

Source 1

• HbA1 c (% of total Hb) = 4.0 to 5.2
• Hb A₁  (%  of  total Hb) ₌ 5.0 to  7.5

Source 2

1. Non-Diabetic adults = 2.2 to 4.8 %.
2. Non-Diabetic child = 1.8 to 4.0 %.
   1. Prediabetic              = 5.7 to 6.4 %
   2. Diabetics                  = >6.5 %
   3. Diabetic HbA1c = > 8.1 % = corresponds with glucose >200 mg/dl.

What should the diabetic control and HbA1c be?

1. Good diabetic control = 2.5 to 5.9 %.
2. Fair diabetic control = 6 to 8 %.
3. Poor diabetic control = >8 %.
   • (Values may vary according to the lab.)
4. Another source
   1. Good diabetic control = <7%
   2. Fair diabetic control = 10%
   3. Poor diabetic control = 13% to 20%

What is the mean Plasma glucose (MPG)?

• It is a mathematical calculation in which HbA1c (Glycosylated Hemoglobin and Glycated Hb) correlates with the daily mean plasma glucose level (MPG).
• • The formula is as follows :

What are the HbA1c and recommendations for the treatment of diabetic patients?

What is HbA1c, and what are the estimated blood glucose levels?

What is the Formula for the conversion of mg/dL to mmo/L?

= Glucose in mg/dL /18 = Glucose in mmol/L

                    Glucose in mmol/L  x 18 = Glucose in mg/dL

What are the causes of increased HbA1c levels?

1. Newly diagnosed diabetic patient.
2. Uncontrolled diabetic patient.
3. Nondiabetic hyperglycemia is seen in:
   1. Cushing’s syndrome.
   2. Acromegaly.
   3. Corticosteroids therapy.
   4. Pheochromocytoma.
   5. Acute stress.
   6. Glucagonoma.
4. Patient with splenectomy.
5. Alcohol toxicity.
6. Iron deficiency anemia.
7. Lead toxicity.
8. Opiate toxicity.
9. Chronic renal failure with or without hemodialysis.
10. Salicylates treatment.

What are the causes of decreased HbA1c levels?

1. Shortened RBC’s life span.
2. Hemolytic anemia.
3. Hemoglobinopathies.
4. After a blood transfusion.
5. Chronic blood loss.
6. Vitamin C or E intake in excess.
7. Pregnancy.
8. Following a blood transfusion.

What are the causes of a falsely raised level of HbA1c?

1. Renal failure.
2. Raised level of triglycerides (hypertriglyceridemia).
3. In Chronic Alcoholics.

How can you lower the HbA1c?

1. Exercise.
2. Diet control.
3. Medication.
4. Or a combination of these.

What is the significance of HbA1c in diabetic patients?

1. The incidence of retinopathy increases in patients with an HbA1c level between  6.0% to 7.0%
2. Fewer chances for retinopathy when the HbA1c level is <6.5%.
3. HbA1c level in diabetic patients is recommended at <7.0%.
4. HbA1c should be checked at least twice a year.
5. It is suggested that HbA1c levels >6.5% favor the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus.

How can the risk of type 2 diabetes be lowered?

1. It can be lowered in around 58% of the cases by:
   1. Reducing your body weight by about 7%.
   2. Exercise like brisk walking for 30 minutes, 5 days a week.

Questions and answers: