Estrogen/Progesterone Receptors

What samples are needed for Estrogen/Progesterone Receptors?

1. This procedure is done on the paraffin blocks of Breast cancer cases.
2. This can also be done on fresh biopsy tissue. Place the tissue on ice or in formalin.
3. Controls are a must and need to run.

What are the Indications for Estrogen/Progesterone Receptors?

1. Estrogen/progesterone receptors are done on breast cancer to find hormone sensitivity and therapy.
2. ER/PR is used as a prognostic factor.

What precautions are needed for Estrogen/Progesterone Receptors?

1. Delayed fixation may cause deterioration of the receptors and produce a lower result.
2. Hormones should be discontinued before the biopsy.
3. Tamoxifen therapy may cause a false-negative result.
4. Contraceptives or menopausal estrogen, when given, lower the result.

How will you discuss the Pathophysiology of Estrogen/Progesterone Receptors?

1. Biochemical concept:
   1. ER/PR receptors are cellular proteins with high affinity and great specificity for these hormones.
   2. These receptor proteins are present in other target organs like the uterus, pituitary gland, hypothalamus, and breast.
   3. Estrogen stimulates the biochemical process in the target cells that normally contain estrogen receptors; a reduction in blood estrogen level is expected to reduce the biochemical activity of these cells.
   4. This is the accepted rationale for using endocrine therapy in females with breast carcinoma.

What is the ER/PR response to anti-hormone therapy?

1. ER/PR are the biomarkers of breast cancer. These can be prognostic, predictive of treatment response, or both.
2. The higher the ER content positivity, the higher the response rate to endocrine therapy.
3. In carcinoma of the breast, 60% of the cases are estrogen receptor-positive.
4. Roughly two-thirds of the cases of ER-positive respond to anti-hormone therapy.
5. In 95% of the cases, negative ER-receptor fails to respond to anti-hormone therapy.
6. Breast cancer ER-positive or PR-positive cells are twice as sensitive to anti-hormonal therapy (70 % response to anti-hormonal treatment).
7. ER/PR-negative cases have a 10% response rate.
8. ER/PR-positive cases have more disease-free survival.
9. Hormone receptor testing should be performed in all breast cancers.
10. ER/PR is more favorable in a menopausal group than in younger patients.

How will you define PR- -receptor?

1. It is useful for the assay of PR receptors.
2. Metastatic cancer with ER and PR receptor-positive tumors has a response rate of 75% to endocrine therapy.
3. If the ER-positive and PR-negative tumors have a 40% response rate.
4. The only response rate for ER-negative and PR-positive patients to endocrine therapy is 25%.
5. In cases with ER and PR negative, the response rate is only 5%.
6. The percentage of positive cases among postmenopausal women is higher than among premenopausal women.

What is the Normal report of ER/PR?

• Negative case = <5 % cell stains for receptors.
• Positive case  = >5% of the cells stain for receptors.

Another source

ER/PR receptors assay on tissue:

1. Negative = <3 fmol/mg cytosol protein.
2. Borderline = 3 to 9 fmol/mg cytosol protein.
3. Positive = >10 fmol/mg cytosol protein.

How will you describe the positivity of Estrogen/Progesterone Receptors?

1. This subjective interpretation depends on the staining intensity and the number of positive cell nuclei.
2. Only the cell nuclei staining is considered positive.

3. Favorable response >20 % cell stain.
4. The borderline response is 11% to 20 % of the cell stain.
5. The unfavorable response is <10% cell staining.
6. ASCO guidelines are:
   1. Positive for ER/PR if  ≥ 1% of the tumor cell nuclei are immunoreactive.
   2. Negative ER/PR if  <1% of tumor cell nuclei are immunoreactive.
7. Allred scoring: This replaced the early scoring system.
   1. ER-positive tumor cells have >10% positive cells.
   2. ER-negative tumor cells are 1% to 9% positive cells.

What is the hormone receptor positivity in different patients?

1. ER⁺ =  80% of the cases.
2. ER⁺ PR⁺  = 65% of the cases.
3. ER⁺ PR^–  = 13% of the cases.
4. ER^–  PR⁺  = 2% of the cases.
5. ER^–  PR^–  = 25% of the cases.

What is the response to anti-hormone therapy?

• >50% of the ER-positive cases respond to chemotherapy like tamoxifen, estrogen, androgens, oophorectomy, and adrenalectomy.
• Positivity increases when PR is positive.
• The advantage is that endocrine (anti-hormonal) therapy with tamoxifen is highly effective and relatively nontoxic. It is more tolerable than other modalities like radiation and chemotherapy.
• The disadvantage is that ER/PR-negative breast cancer cases have no anti-hormone-positive role.

The brown color indicates a positive reaction (ER/PR+)

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