Complications during blood collection and Treatment

What is the Skin puncture for blood sampling?

1. Skin puncture is performed in the pediatric group and among diabetics.
2. The common sites are fingertips, heels, and ear lobes. Heels are common sites in children.
3. Fingertips are used in adults (diabetics) and small children.
4. Earlobes are used as a possible substitute for arterial blood to assess pH, pCO2, and pO2.

What are the complications during blood collection?

1. There may be various types of complications of blood collection.
2. The following are some of the possibilities:
   1. Fainting and dizziness.
   2. Hematoma formation.
   3. Hypersensitivity reactions.

What are the Complications during blood collection?

What is the reason for fainting during the collection of the blood?

1. Patients may feel dizzy, which can occur during or after blood collection.
2. There is a sudden decrease in blood pressure, and sometimes, the patient may temporarily lose consciousness.
3. The reason is:
   1. This is due to vasovagal syncope.
   2. Please don’t leave the patient alone and refrain from allowing them to drive for another 30 minutes.
   3. Immediately lie the patient flat and raise their legs.

What is the reason for Hematoma formation?

1. There is a leak of blood from the venipuncture site.
2. There may be a bruise formation.
3. Hematoma forms when:
   1. The needle is inserted into a small vein.
   2. It may pass through the vein.
   3. The needle is partially in the vein.
   4. The needle was removed while the tourniquet was still in place.
   5. Not adequate pressure was applied after the venipuncture.
   6. Blindly searching the vein.
4. What is the treatment of a hematoma?
   1. Apply the pressure bandage to the area.

5. The patients on anticoagulant therapy:
   1. These patients have a higher risk of bleeding.
   2. In these patients, keep pressure on the venipuncture site and don’t leave it until the bleeding has completely stopped.

What type of Hypersensitivity Reactions are seen during blood donation?

1. Allergies:
   1. There may be reactions to the antiseptic, band-aids, bandages, or latex.
   2. If it happens, give some antiallergic medication.
2. Some patients may develop Type I hypersensitivity reactions just seeing their own blood.
3. The patient will exhibit a typical picture of a type 1 hypersensitivity reaction.
4. All symptoms are due to histamine or histamine-like substances produced in this hypersensitivity reaction.

5. The patient may have an anaphylactic reaction, and this may be:
   1. Localized.
   2. Or a systemic reaction.

What are the chances of Infections during blood donation?

1. The infection is more common in patients who are immunocompromised.
2. Advise the patient to look for redness, pain, swelling, or tenderness.

What is the outcome of Pain due to nerve involvement during blood donation?

1. The patient may experience sharp pain and tingling due to nerve involvement.
2. It is best to take out the needle.
3. Sometimes, permanent nerve damage can occur.

What are the causes of Phlebitis during blood donation?

1.  This is a rare complication that can occur after blood collection.

What are the chances of sepsis during blood donation?

1. This is another rare complication of blood collection.

What is the Presentation (sign/symptom) of the patient during blood collection?

1. Nervousness.
2. Itching of the skin.
3. A feeling of confusion.
4. Nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea.
5. Abdominal or back pain.
6. There will be flushing, pallor, or cyanosis.
7. Urticaria.
8. Laryngeal edema leads to stridor.
9. Tachycardia.
10. There is low blood pressure.
11. Convulsions.
12. Respiratory depression.
13. Bronchospasm leads to an asthmatic attack.
14. Treat the patient for a type 1 hypersensitivity reaction.

What is the Treatment of blood collection complications?

1. Treatment of blood collection complications:
   1. If the patient becomes faint, stop the blood-taking procedure and lie the patient down with a raised foot end.
   2. Remove the needle and reassure the patient.
   3. Talk to patients.
   4. Please don’t allow him to drive for another 30 minutes.
   5. Offer the patient juice or water.
   6. Ask the patient to breathe slowly (deep breathing).
2. If a hematoma appears, remove the needle and apply pressure for two minutes.
   1. Remove the tourniquet.
3. In patients with petechiae, ensure that there is no bleeding before the patient leaves the laboratory.
   1. In such patients, there are coagulation problems.
4. There may be excessive bleeding in patients on aspirin or anticoagulation therapy.
   1. Don’t leave the patient until there is a complete stoppage of blood flow from the venipuncture site.
5. If the patient feels sharp electric pain, immediately remove the needle.
6. In case of an arterial puncture:
   1. Immediately remove the tourniquet.
   2. Hold pressure at the site for at least 5 minutes or till the bleeding stops.
   3. Check the pulse and blood pressure.
7. In the event of a hypersensitivity reaction, administer antihistamines.
   1. Can give steroids.