• 65 to 99 mg/dL

1. Diabetes mellitus
2. Metabolic syndrome

1. Men = 3.7 to8.6 mg/dL
2. Women = 2.5 to 7.1 mg/dL

1. Gout
2. Pain in the joints
3. Recurrent renal calculi

1. Men = 0.76 to 1.27 mg/dL
2. Women = 0.57 to 1.0 mg/dL

1. Used for renal function tests
2. Follow-up of the renal diseases

• 5 to 26 mg/dL

1. It assesses the renal function
2. It evaluates the liver function

• 8:1 to 27:1

1. It evaluates renal functions
2. It is used on renal dialysis

• 135 to 144 meq/L

1. It is part of electrolytes imbalance
2. It is part of electrolytes therapy

• 3.5 to 5.2 meq/L

1. It is part of electrolytes imbalance
2. It is a test for cardiac patients

• 97 to 108 mmol/L

1. It is part of electrolytes
2. It assesses hydration and acid-base balance

1. 18 to 59 years = 8.7 to 10.2 mg/dL
2. >59 years = 8.6 to 10.2 mg/dL

1. It evaluates the parathyroid function
2. It assesses calcium metabolism

• 12 to 60 years = 2.5 to 4.5 mg/dL

1. This is part of various conditions
2. It is used to measure phosphorus

• 6.0 to 8.5 g/dL

1. Advised in various diseases which will affect protein synthesis
2. It is advised for the liver functions

• 3.5 to 5.5 g/dL

1. It is advised in renal diseases
2. It is advised to assess the liver function

• 1.5 to 4.5 g/dL

1. It is advised to assess the liver function

• 1.1: to 1 – 2.5: 1

1. It is used for renal diseases
2. It is used for chronic diseases

• 0.1 to 1.2 mg/dL

1. It evaluates the liver function
2. It is advised for hemolytic anemia

• 0 to 40 IU/L

1. It advised for liver function
2. It is advised in coronary heart disease

1. Men =0 to 55 IU/L
2. Women = 0 to 40 IU/L

1. It is specific for liver cell injury
2. It differentiates  jaundice from hemolysis or liver

• 25 to 150 IU/L

1. It is raised in obstructive jaundice
2. It evaluates bone diseases

• 100 to 250 IU/L

1. It is a nonspecific test, raised in the cell injuries
2. It may be raised in cancers

1. Women = 35 to 155 µg/dL
2. Men = 40 to 155 µg/dL

1. It is advised in iron-deficiency anemia
2. It is advised in hemochromatosis

• 10 to 85 µg/dL

1. It is advised in steatorrhea
2. It is advised for fat malabsorption

1. 100 to 199 mg/dL
2. Optimal range = 100 to 180 mg/dL

1. It is advised for coronary artery disease
2. It evaluates hyperlipidemia

1. 0 to 149 mg/dL
2. Optimal range = <80 mg/dL
3. Pre-existing CV disease = <60 mg/dL

1. It is advised for the risk of developing coronary disease
2. Advised in fat metabolism disorder

1. 40 to 50 mg/dL
2. Optimal range = >50 mg/dL

• It is advised to predict cardiac disease

1. 0 to 99 mg/dL
2. Optimal range = <100 mg/dL

• It is advised to predict heart disease

1. It is advised to evaluate bone marrow activity
2. It is advised in antianemic therapy

1. Men = 12.5 to 17.0 g/dL
2. Women = 11.5 to 15.0 g/dL

• Advised to assess the degree of anemia

1. Men = 4.1 to 5.6/cmm
2. Women = 3.8 to 5.10/cmm

• It is advised to assess the anemia

1. Men = 34% to 50%
2. Women = 34% to 44%

• It also helps to evaluate the anemia

• 80 to 98 fl

1. Low levels indicate thalassemia
2. Also, low levels seen in chronic diseases

• 27 to 34 pg

• It is advised to classify the anemia

• 32 to 36 g/dL

• It is advised to classify the anemia

• 11.7 to 15.0%

1. It is normal in chronic diseases
2. It is raised in iron deficiency anemia

•  4.0 to 10.5/cmm

• It helps to differentiate between acute and chronic infection.

1. Platelets are advised in the case of bleeding
2. <20,000/cmm count is an alarming sign of bleeding

1. Men = 22 to 322 ng/mL
2. Women = 10 to 291 ng/mL

1. It is advised to evaluate iron reserve in the body
2. It is advised in iron deficiency anemia or in iron overload

1. A.M = 6.2 to 19.4 µg/dL
2. P.M = 2.3 to 11.9 µg/dL

1. It measures the adrenal functions
2. It diagnoses Cushing’s syndrome
3. It detects malfunction of the hypothalamus

1. Men = 7.6 to 42.6 pg/mL
2. Women
   1. Follicular phase = 12.5 to 166.0 pg/mL
   2. Ovulation = 85.5 to 498.0 pg/mL
   3. Luteal phase = 43.5 to 211.0 pg/mL
   4. Postmenopausal = <6.0 to 54.7 pg/mL

1. It detects hypothalamus and pituitary glands functions
2. It also detects sexual maturity
3. In males, it evaluates gynecomastia or feminizing syndrome

1. It is advised to assess the placental function
2. To assess the fetal maturity
3. This is the major estrogen in pregnant ladies

1. Men = 12 to 72 pg/mL
2. Women
   1. Follicular phase = 37 to 138 pg/mL
   2. Midcycle peak = 60 to 229 pg/mL
   3. Luteal phase = 50 to 115 pg/mL

1. It is advised to evaluate postmenopausal bleeding
2. Increased estrone level may be associated with an increased level of androgens

1. Men = 40 to 115 pg/mL
2. Women
   1. Day 1 to 10 = 61 to 394 pg/mL
   2. Day 11 to 20 = 122 to 437 pg/mL
   3. Day 21 to 30 = 156 to 350 pg/mL
   4. Postmenopausal = <40 pg/mL

1. It is advised to see sexual maturity
2. It is advised to assess the menstrual and infertility issues
3. In pregnant ladies are advised for the fetal-placental health
4. In males, advised for gynecomastia or feminizing syndrome
5. It can also be used as a tumor marker

1. Men >15 years = 1.4 to 18.1 mIU/mL
2. Women
   1. Follicular phase = 2.5 to 10.2 mIU/mL
   2. Ovulatory peak = 3.4 to 33.4 mIU/mL
   3. Luteal phase = 1.5 to 9.1 mIU/L
   4. Postmenopausal = 23.0 to 116.3 mIU/mL

1. It is advised to assess the menopause
2. It is advised for the gonadal failure

1. Men =
   1. 15 to 19 years = 70.2 to 492.0 µg/dL
   2. 20 to 24 years = 211.0 to 492.0 µg/dL
   3. 45 to 54 years = 44.3 to 331.0 µg/dL
   4. 65 to 74 years = 33.6 to 249.0 µg/dL
   5. >74 years = 16.2 to 123.0 µg/dL
2. Women
   1. 15 to 19 years = 65.1 to 368.0 µg/dL
   2. 20 to 24 years = 148.0 to 368.0 µg/dL
   3. 45 to 54 years = 35.0 to 256.0 µg/dL
   4. 65 to 74 years = 9.4 to 246.0 µg/dL
   5. >74 years = 12.0 to154.0 µg/dL

1. It is advised to assess the female infertility
2. It is advised to assess amenorrhea and hirsutism
3. It is advised to evaluate excess of androgens/adrenocortical disease
4. It is advised to assess congenital adrenal hyperplasia and adrenal tumors

1. Men = 2.1 to 17.7 ng/mL
2. Women
   1. Nonpregnant = 2.8 to 29.2 ng/mL
   2. Pregnant = 9.7 to 208.5 ng/mL
   3. Postmenopausal = 1.8 to 20.3 ng/mL

1. It is advised in lactation problems
2. It is also advised in prolactin-secreting tumors
3. Raised level of prolactin is associated with anovulation and amenorrhea

1. Men = 10 to 200 ng/dL
2. Women  = 10 to 230 ng/dL

1. It is advised for ovarian failure
2. It is advised for hirsutism
3. It is advised for adrenal carcinoma
4. It is advised for Cushing’s syndrome

1. Men = 0.2 to 1.4 ng/mL
2. Women
   1. Follicular phase = 0.2 to 1,5 ng/mL
   2. Luteal phase = 1.7 to 27.0 ng/mL
   3. Ovulation phase = 0.8 to 3.0 ng/mL
   4. Menopausal phase = 0.1 to 0.8 ng/mL
   5. During menstrual phase = 18 to 27 ng/mL
   6. Menopause = 2 to 6 ng/mL

1. It is advised to confirm the presence of corpus luteum
2. It evaluates the functional state of the corpus luteum in infertile ladies
3. It assesses the functional state of the placenta during pregnancy
4. It is advised to assess the ovarian function

1. Men
   1.  20 to 29 years = 9.3 to 26.5 pg/mL
   2. 50 to 59 years = 7.2 to 24 pg/mL
   3. >60 years = 6.6 to 18.1 pg/mL
2. Women
   1. 20 to 59 years = 0.0 to 2.2 pg/mL
   2. >60 years = 0.0 to 1.8 pg/mL

Total testosterone

1. Men = 348 to 1197 ng/dL
2. Women
   1. 20 to 49 years = 8 to 48 ng/dL
   2. >49 years = 3 to 41 ng/dL

1. It is advised to assess the gonadal function
2. It is also advised to assess the adrenal function or tumor activity
3. It helps in the diagnosis of hypogonadism, hypopituitarism, and impotence
4. It helps to diagnose Klinefelter syndrome
5. In ladies, it is advised to assess the hirsutism, anovulatory cycle, amenorrhea, and virilization.
6. It helps to diagnose masculinizing tumors of the ovary, tumor of adrenal cortices, and congenital adrenal hyperplasia.

Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)

β-subunit

1. Negative = <10 mIU/L
2. Borderline = 10 to 20 mIU/L
3. Positive = >20 mIU/L

1. It is a specific and sensitive test for early pregnancy
2. It is advised in threatened abortion, ectopic pregnancy
3. It is also tumor markers

1. Normal = 12 to 65 pg/mL ( calcium = 8.5 to 10.6 mg/dL)
2. >65 pg/mL (Ca = >10.6 mg/dL) = Primary hyperparathyroidism
3. >65 pg/ml (Ca = <10.6 mg/dL) = Secondary hyperparathyroidism
4. <65 pg/mL (Ca = >10.6 mg/dL) = Nonparathyroid hypercalcemia
5. <12 pg/mL (Ca = <8.5 mg/dL) = Hypoparathyroidism
6. 12 to 65 pg/mL (Ca = <8.5 mg/dL) = Nonparathyroid hypocalcemia

1. It is advised to diagnose parathyroid diseases
2. It monitors the calcium homeostasis
3. It is advised in patients with renal dialysis

• 0 to 40 IU/mL

1. It is advised in thyroid diseases
2. It differentiates primary and secondary hypothyroidism

• 4.5 to 12.0 µg/dL

1. It is used to diagnose thyroid function
2. It is used to monitor the therapy

• 0.82 to 1.77 ng/dL

1. It is advised in patients where there are protein abnormalities
2. it is advised to monitor the replacement and suppressive therapy

• 85 to 205 ng/dL

1. It is advised for thyroid function
2. It helps in thyrotoxicosis and hyperthyroidism

• 2.0 to 4.4 pg/mL

1. It is advised to evaluate thyroid function

• 0.0 to 32.4 U/mL

1. It is advised in the breast cancer
2. It helps to monitor the therapy
3. If raised, it indicates recurrence

• 0 to 38.6 U/mL

1. It is advised to monitor metastatic breast carcinoma
2. It is advised for monitoring and response to therapy

• 0 to 32 U/mL

1. It is advised to monitor ovarian cancer
2. It detects recurrence or progression of ovarian cancer

• 0 to 37 U/mL

1. Nonsmoker = <2.5 ng/mL
2. Smoker = <5.0 ng/mL

1. It is advised to assess the extent of the disease and the prognosis of cancers
2. It is advised in GIT or breast cancer for monitoring and treatment

• 0 to 4.0 ng/mL

1. It is a sensitive tumor marker for prostatic cancer
2. It is advised for the therapy prognosis of prostatic cancer

• <8.1 pg/mL

1. It is advised in tumor necrosis
2. It may be raised in sepsis, AIDS, HCV, and transplantation rejection

• <1.0 ng.mL ( <0.06 ng/mL)

1. It is the marker for the heart muscle injury
2. It predicts mortality for unstable angina

• 0 to 0.1 µg//L

1. It is advised in the diagnosis of myocardial infarction
2. It also differentiates unstable angina

• <0% to 5% of the total CK
• Ck-MB = <6 ng/mL

1. It is specific to cardiac muscle damage
2. It comes to normal before Troponins

1. Male =20 to 100 ng/mL
2. Female = 20 to 60 ng/mL

1. It is an early marker for AMI
2. It is also raised in muscle injury