Aldosterone and Renin-Angiotensin

Sample for Aldosterone 

1. An aldosterone test can be done on plasma (heparin, EDTA, or citrate).
2. The serum can also be used.
3. Urine is collected 24 hours with boric acid, and during collection, it is refrigerated.
4. The patient should be resting and lying in position for the first sample.
   1. The second sample can be taken when the patient is up and at least 4 hours after the first sample.
   2. The patient should be upright for at least 2 hours to collect the upright sample with unrestricted salt intake.
   3. Separate the serum/plasma immediately from the cells.
   4. The aldosterone peak is in the morning.
5. 24-hours of urine can also be used to measure aldosterone.
   1. A urine sample is preferred to avoid the variation in aldosterone levels.
   2. The urine sample needs to be acidified with strong minerals or boric acid.
   3. Keep the urine refrigerated or on the ice for 24 hours immediately.
6. The patient should be without any medication for 3 weeks.
7.  The patient should be on a normal sodium diet for 2 to 4 weeks before the test.
8. In the case of low K⁺, it should be treated before the test.
9. Label the sample whether the patient was lying or standing.
10. AM level is higher than the PM level.

Precautions for Aldosterone and Renin-Angiotensin

1. The patient should be on a normal salt diet for at least 2 weeks before taking the sample.
2. Diuretics, anti-hypertensive drugs, estrogen, and oral contraceptives should be terminated 2 to 4 hours before taking the sample.
3. No radioactive material should be given.
4. Transport the sample on ice and freeze it as soon as possible after collecting it.
5. Stress and exercise can stimulate increased aldosterone production by stimulating the adrenal cortex.
6. Thermal stress, starvation, and late pregnancy may increase the level.
7. Values are affected by posture, diet, pregnancy, and diurnal variation.
   1. Values are increased by upright posture.
8. Increased intake of licorice can decreases the level of aldosterone. Stop it for at least 2 weeks before the sample is taken.
9. Drugs like diazoxide, hydralazine, diuretics, nitroprusside, potassium, and laxatives increase the aldosterone level.
10. Drugs like propranolol (Inderal) and captopril decrease the aldosterone level.
    1. Stop the propranolol one week before the sample is taken.
11. Heparin therapy may decrease the level.
12. Aldosterone level decreases with age.

Indications for the renin-angiotensin and aldosterone 

1. Used to diagnose hyperaldosteronism.
2. It differentiates between primary aldosteronism (Adrenal diseases) and secondary aldosteronism (Extra-adrenal diseases).
   1. A single random test for aldosterone is of no use unless plasma renin level is done simultaneously.

Pathophysiology for the renin-angiotensin and aldosterone 

Aldosterone

1. Aldosterone is the adrenal gland hormone (produced in the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex), and it helps to control electrolyte balance.
2. Aldosterone is the major mineralocorticoid produced by the adrenal cortex at 200 µg/day.

Aldosterone secretion from the adrenal gland

Aldosterone functions:

1. The main functions of aldosterone:
   1. It maintains mineral regulation by its action on the distal convoluted tubule to increase sodium and chloride resorption.
   2. Aldosterone responds to the change in body volume. It accelerates the reabsorption of the Na⁺ in the distle tubules in exchange for K⁺ ions.
   3. Na+ is retained, and K+ is excreted when there is excess production of hormones.
   4. If the hormone’s deficiency, reverse action occurs, increasing Na⁺ excretion and retention of the K⁺ ions.

Aldosterone effect on kidney

2. Aldosterone is secreted at the rate of 150 to 200 micrograms/day, regulating the salt contents and extracellular fluid levels.
3. In the case of profuse sweating, which led to the loss of NaCl and needed to conserve the Na⁺, that is because of the aldosterone hormone.
4. Its action is on the renal distal convoluted tubule.
   1. It regulates sodium, Chloride, and water resorption in exchange for Potassium excretion and Hydrogen in the kidney.

5. Aldosterone helps and maintains blood pressure and blood volume.

The renin-angiotensin system function:

1. It controls the secretion of aldosterone.
2. Renin is a proteolytic enzyme synthesized and stored in the juxtaglomerular cells located in the terminal part of afferent arterioles.
3. The renin-angiotensin system regulates aldosterone secretion.
4. The second controller is ACTH  which stimulates the production of Aldosterone. It depends upon the following:
   1. Low serum sodium level.
   2. High serum potassium level.

5. The production of angiotensin stimulates the secretion and synthesis of Aldosterone from the adrenal gland.
6. Potassium controls the secretion of aldosterone.
7. High level of potassium:
   1. Increases the secretion of Aldosterone.
   2. While low level decreases production.
8. Low level of Sodium:
   1. It causes the release of Renin which again stimulates aldosterone secretion.
9. Aldosterone level has a diurnal variation:
   1. With a peak early in the morning.
   2. Lower level late in the afternoon.

Clinical significance of Aldosterone:

1. Usually, hyperaldosteronism is seen in the adenoma of the adrenal cortex (Conn’s syndrome) or bilateral adrenal nodular hyperplasia.
2. An excessive aldosterone level leads to the retention of sodium and potassium excretion.
   1. There are hypertension and hypokalemia.
   2. There are weaknesses and polyuria.

Aldosterone function and S/S

Normal Level of Aldosterone

Source 1

Another source

• Adult
• Upright position sitting for 2 hours
  • Male = 6 to 22 ng/dL
  • Female = 5 to 30 ng/dL
• Newborn = 5 to 60 ng/dL

Source 2

• Adult
• Supine = 3 to 10 ng/dL
• Upright
  • Male = 6 to 22 ng/dL
  • Female = 5y to 30 ng/dL
• Newborn = 5 to 60 ng/dL
  • 1 week to 1 year = 1 to 60 ng/dL
  • 3 to 5 years = 5 to 80 ng/dL
  • 7 to 11 years = 5 to 70 ng/dL
  • 11 to 15 years =5 to 50 ng/dL
• Urine = 2 to 26 µg /24 hours

Source 4

• Normal in an upright position
  • Adult = 7 to 30 ng/dL (0.19 to 0.83 nmol/L)
  • Adolescent = 4 to 48 ng/dL (0.11 to 1.33 nmol/L)
  • Children = 5 to 80 ng/dL (0.14 to 2.22 nmol/L)
  • Low-sodium diet = 3 to 5 times higher values

Primary Hyperaldosteronism:

1. These patient’s signs and symptoms are:
   1. Primary hyperaldosteronism, also called Comm’s syndrome, results from an overproduction of aldosterone, usually by an adrenal cortex adenoma, and other causes are carcinoma and nodular hyperplasia.
   2. Hypertension.
   3. Muscular pains and cramps.
   4. Weakness.
   5. Tetany.
   6. Paralysis.
   7. Polyuria.
   8. Low Potassium level.

Causes of primary Hyperadrenalism:

1.  70% of cases are due to aldosterone-producing tumor-like adrenal cortical adenoma in 54 to 90%.
   1. A CT scan can diagnose 75% of the cases (60% to 90%).
   2. They do adrenal vein catheterization in a few centers and get samples from both side veins. If there is a significant difference between both sides, suggest adenoma.
2.  30% of cases are caused by idiopathic bilateral adrenal hyperplasia; the range is 10% to 45%.
3. Adrenal carcinoma is seen in <5% of the cases.
4. Ectopic aldosterone production by the adrenal gland embryologic rest within kidneys, or rarely ovaries.
5. Ectopic production of the ACTH or aldosterone by nonadrenal tumors.
6. Lab findings of primary hyperaldosteronism are:
   1. Decreased serum K⁺.
   2. Increased aldosterone production can not be suppressed by increasing the volume of Na⁺ intake.
      1. There is a diurnal variation of aldosterone, with lower values in the afternoon than in the morning.
      2. Also, there is an increased level in the upright position.
   3. There is suppressed plasma renin activity. This is a characteristic lab finding.
   4. Urinary secretion of aldosterone is increased. Urine estimation has the advantage of eliminating fluctuation.
7. Primary hyperaldosteronism depends on three criteria:
   1. Hypertension without edema.
   2. Low plasma renin level that fails to increase with volume depletion.
   3. Increased aldosterone that fails to decrease with saline or angiotensin inhibition.
   4. Aldosterone stimulation test.
   5. Restrict the salt, and the Renin level will show little or no rise.
8. Aldosterone suppression test.
   1. Give normal saline 1.5 to 2 L between 8 AM to 10 AM. Aldosterone will not be suppressed.
   2. A single random aldosterone test is of no diagnostic value unless plasma renin activity is done simultaneously.

Secondary Hyperaldosteronism:

1. Usually associated with extra-adrenal stimulation or non-adrenal causes. e.g.
   1. Renal vascular stenosis or occlusion.
   2. Hypovolemia.
   3. Hyponatremia from diuretics or laxatives or low salt intake.
   4. Malignant hypertension.
   5. In case of pregnancy or use of estrogens.
   6. Edematous diseases like congestive heart failure, nephrotic syndrome, or cirrhosis.
   7. Potassium loading.

Aldosterone Raised Level is seen in:

1. In adrenocortical adenoma or carcinoma.
2. Bilateral hyperplasia of the adrenal gland.
3. Liver diseases.
4. Congestive heart failure (CHF).
5. Cirrhosis.
6. Pregnancy.
7. Nephrotic syndrome.
8. Renovascular hypertension.

Different values of aldosterone and renin in various diseases:

Aldosterone Decreased level is seen in:

1. In primary hyperaldosteronism.
2. Salt-losing diseases.
3. Toxemia of pregnancy.

Decreased Aldosterone without hypertension seen in:

1. Addison’s Disease.
2. Syndrome of hyperaldosteronism due to renin deficiency.
3. Isolated cases of aldosterone deficiency.

Decreased Aldosterone with hypertension seen in:

1. Excessive secretion of corticosterone.
2. Excessive secretion of Deoxycorticosterone.
3. Excessive secretion of 18-hydroxy desoxycorticosterone.
4. Turner’s syndrome (in some cases).
5. Diabetes mellitus.
6. Acute alcoholic intoxication.

Clinical conditions of Aldosterone:

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