Coombs’ Indirect test

What sample is needed for Coombs’ Indirect test?

• This is done on the mother’s serum.

What are the indications for the Coombs’ Indirect test?

1. To diagnose the presence of antibodies in the pregnant mother’s serum.
2. Detection of certain weak antigens in RBCs, like D^u.
3. To find weak antibodies or incomplete types of antibodies, like those found in Duffy or Kidd blood groups.
4. Detection of incomplete antibodies in serum before pretransfusion screening or titration of the antibody (Cross-matching for blood transfusion).
5. Detection of cold agglutinins autoantibodies.
6. To diagnose autoimmune hemolytic anemia.
7. To find the red cell sensitization by drugs.
8. RBCs phenotyping in genetic and forensic medicine.
9. To identify the syngeneic twins for bone marrow transplantation.

What are the precautions for the Coombs’ Indirect test?

1. This should be done on fresh serum.
2. Some of the drugs that give false-positive results are cephalosporin, antiarrhythmic, insulin, methyldopa, Dilantin, sulphonamides, and tetracycline.
3. The false-positive or negative results are seen due to the following conditions:
   1. Clerical mistakes.
   2. Technical errors like not washing RBCs and failure to add reagents.
   3. Contamination by 5% or 10% glucose in water, but not glucose in saline, from intravenous tubing.
4. Poor quality of commercial Coombs’ reagents.

What is the definition of Coombs’ Indirect test?

• Coombs’ Indirect test will detect free antibodies in the serum.

What is the pathophysiology of the Coombs’ Indirect test?

1. The indirect Coombs’ test detects circulating antibodies in the serum, which are the free antibodies.

2. The major purpose of this test is to detect if the recipient or the patient has serum antibodies other than the ABO / Rh system to RBC before receiving the blood transfusion.
3. This is a test used for screening purposes in routine blood transfusions.
4. This test can also diagnose other agglutinins, such as cold agglutinins, which are typically associated with Mycoplasma infections.
5. Circulating antibodies against RBC may be seen in the Rh-negative mother who is carrying an Rh-positive fetus.
   1. There is a mixing of the feto-maternal blood during the first delivery.
   2. When fetal blood enters the mother’s circulation, Rh-positive fetal blood will sensitize the mother, and IgG-type antibodies are formed.
   3. These antibodies can cross the placental barrier and enter fetal circulation.
   4. In the second pregnancy, a Type II cytotoxic reaction will destroy the fetal RBCs and lead to hemolytic anemia.

What is Coombs’ serum?

1. It is prepared by injecting IgG immunoglobulin (an antibody) into a rabbit, and then from its serum, the anti-IgG antibody is separated, which is called Coombs’ serum.

What is the principle of the Coombs’ indirect test?

• It detects free antibodies (free antibodies) in the blood (serum).

What is the procedure of Coombs’ indirect test?

1. This test is done in the serum.
2. Add recipient serum (patients) to known blood O cells (donors’ RBCs or screening cells) in a test tube.
3. Mix well and incubate for 15 to 30 minutes at 37 °C.
4. Centrifuge for 15 seconds at 3400 rpm.
   1. Observe for agglutination or hemolysis.
5. Wash the RBC three or four times with saline.
   1. Add a large amount of saline and decant completely.
6. Now add Coombs’ serum and again centrifuge.
7. Mix well.
8. Centrifuge at 3400 rpm for 15 seconds.
9. See for agglutination.
10. If the test is positive, then you will see clumping or agglutination.
11. In the event of negative results, examine the sample microscopically.

What is the normal value of Coombs’ indirect test?

• Negative, and there is no agglutination.

What are the causes of a positive Coombs’ indirect test?

1. Incompatible blood transfusion.
2. Mother has anti-Rh antibodies.
   1. Erythroblastosis fetalis.
3. Acquired hemolytic anemia.
4. Due to drugs and cold antibodies.

What is the difference between the direct and indirect Coombs’ test?

What is the significance of the Coombs’ test in pregnant mothers?

• A positive indirect Coombs’ test indicates sensitization of the mother by a previous Rh-positive fetus.

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